Cloud Computing is often understood as a morally neutral technology, but this understanding obscures many of the technological insights upon which cloud computing is built and the place of cloud computing in a broader society. This week, we will explore a few perspectives on cloud computing, centering on Google, the cloud platform used in most of course instruction and a large player in the Oregon's local cloud computing landscape.
Logistically, this week is structured around asynchronous and independent learning. There will be no in-person class or a dedicated time during the week to examine this material.
Google's internal architecture is relatively shrouded from public knowledge, and the Dalles, Oregon is probably the site of one of Google's earliest and most important physical plants. It can be difficult to learn much about the datacenter outside of corporate press releases, and its importance was probably not fully understood by broader newsmedia during its initial rollout, but limited coverage can be found through third party internet archive services like WayBack Machine. Read more: NYT Technology: Hiding in Plain Sight, Google Seeks More Power.
As Oregon-based technologists, it is easy to adopt Google's perspective on the Dalles data center. However, many of us also have existing connections to the region, its land, and its people. For example, I moved to Oregon to be closer to relatives that work in the agriculture industry in the Columbia River Gorge, and farms in this area necessarily compete with Google's data center who resources.
For this section, watch two features, "Google Threatens Water Supply of Drought-Stricken Town" by More Perfect Union and "Residents consider what Google data center expansion means in The Dalles" by KPTV FOX 12 Oregon. I selected two features for this section to give a perspective from a non-profit media organization and a more mainstream but corporate owned media organization, but there a paucity of features to choose from so be conscientious as you engage with this material.
In it's own words, "More Perfect Union is a nonprofit education, advocacy, and journalism organization with a mission to build power for the working class. We tell the stories of working class Americans by covering politics, policy, labor, business, and economics news through a class lens."
Google is racing to win approval for two massive new data centers—which use millions of gallons of water—in a small, drought-stricken farming town in Oregon. Local residents have united to fight the tech giant and preserve their water access.
The Dalles city council unanimously voted on Monday to approve a $28.5M water deal with Google to build these two massive data centers, despite concerns from local residents and farmers. Neither Google nor the city council have revealed to residents how much water the centers will use.
"KPTV (channel 12) is a television station in Portland, Oregon, United States, affiliated with the Fox network. It is owned by Gray Television alongside Vancouver, Washington–licensed MyNetworkTV affiliate KPDX (channel 49)."
When considering land and water use in the US, it is especially to consider the history of land and water use prior to what the Karuk Tribe describes as "the euro-american invasion" of what is now the modern-day US. I was unable to find any statements on Google's water usage on Grand Rhone treaty lands from the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde directly, but identified a feature on the Wy-Kan-Ush-Pum. According to the Columbia River Inter-Tribale Fish Commission:
In Sahaptin, the word for salmon used in sacred ceremonies is “wy-kan-ush.” Also in Sahaptin, the word “pum” means “people.” The tribal cultures in the Columbia River Basin could rightly be calledWy-Kan-Ush-Pum or “Salmon People” for how completely these sacred fish shaped their culture, diets, societies, and religions.
For this section, watch the following feature on the Wy-Kan-Ush-Pum from Oregon Field Guide. In it's own words, "Oregon Field Guide explores ecological issues, natural wonders and outdoor recreation. Oregon Field Guide is a valuable source of information about outdoor recreation, ecological issues, natural resources and travel destinations in Oregon and the Pacific NW."
Oregon Field Guide is a series by the the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). In its own words, "PBS is a membership organization that, in partnership with its member stations, serves the American public with programming and services of the highest quality, using media to educate, inspire, entertain and express a diversity of perspectives. PBS empowers individuals to achieve their potential and strengthen the social, democratic, and cultural health of the U.S."
The feature is titled "Salmon People: The Fight to Preserve a Way of Life"
When the salmon are running up the Columbia River, Native people are there with them. The river is a way of life for the Wy-Kan-Ush-Pum, the Salmon People. Over the last century and a half, they have watched as forces eroded their access to salmon. The stakes in their fight to preserve the salmon, and their way of life, are existential.
Perhaps the highest profile technologist to comment on Google and its use of cloud computing is Timnit Gebru. In her own words:
Timnit Gebru is the founder and executive director of the Distributed Artificial Intelligence Research Institute (DAIR). Prior to that she was fired by Google in December 2020 for raising issues of discrimination in the workplace, where she was serving as co-lead of the Ethical AI research team. She received her PhD from Stanford University, and did a postdoc at Microsoft Research, New York City in the FATE (Fairness Accountability Transparency and Ethics in AI) group, where she studied algorithmic bias and the ethical implications underlying projects aiming to gain insights from data. Timnit also co-founded Black in AI, a nonprofit that works to increase the presence, inclusion, visibility and health of Black people in the field of AI, and is on the board of AddisCoder, a nonprofit dedicated to teaching algorithms and computer programming to Ethiopian highschool students, free of charge.
From my perspective as industry adjacent researcher with a doctorate in computing, Google over time has earned a reputation for hiring talent and then discplining or firing talent, sometimes illegally. Timnit Gebru is perhaps the most extreme and public example of this trend. The Guardian describes:
... in December 2020, while she was on holiday, one of her closest colleagues texted her to ask if an email they had seen saying she had left the company was correct. Subsequent accounts said that Google had cited “behaviour that is inconsistent with the expectations of a Google manager”...
“I was not in thinking mode. I was just in action mode, like: ‘I need a lawyer and I need to get my story out; I wonder what they’re planning; I wonder what they’re going to say about me.’” She pauses. “But I was fired. In the middle of my vacation, on a road trip to visit my mom, in the middle of a pandemic.”
Google is still firing talent, most recently as part of its techonological warfare contract "Project Nimbus", according to the NYT (Paywalled) and to Al Jazeera, an "independent new channel in the Arab world".
For this section, watch Timnit Gebru's appearance on "Talk to Al Jazeera".Artificial intelligence has become an essential part of our life, though some say there is another more sinister side to it. Computer scientist Timnit Gebru has been one of the most critical voices against the unethical use of AI. Considered one of the 100 most influential people of 2022 by Time magazine, Google asked Gebru to co-lead its unit focused on ethical artificial intelligence. But the tech giant fired her after she criticised the company’s lucrative AI work. Who is behind AI technology? Whose interests does it serve? And how democratic is its use?
Following your review of these materials, consider cloud computing with respect to each of Willamette University's areas of focus: