Neovim

Thinking Machines

Author

Prof. Calvin

Why Neovim?

On Neovim

Neovim is free,
Neovim is very widely available,
Neovim is highly customizable,
Neovim is stable, year-on-year,
and Neovim is quite powerful.

Watch more

Why not Neovim?

Modal - it is not a “What you see is what you get” (WYSIWYG) editor like MS Word, Google Docs, Notepad, or VS Code
Terminal-based - it is used within the terminal and not often as a stand-alone program.
Steep-learning curve - students generally find it difficult to get started, though it is widely preferred by experienced users

Running Example

Diving In

Taking Neovim as a given, we’ll:
- Continue the piecewise functions example
- Touch on Python and the terminal in the context of Neovim
- Introduce Neovim modes, motions, and operators.
Spoilers for the last exercise!

Recall

Write function
def single_tax(pay):
Return tax cost.
- Return not print!
Bonus: Also write single_tax_rate which returns the percent tax rate at some income level.

Rate	From
10%	0
15%	9275
25%	37650
28%	91150
33%	190150
35%	413350
39.6%	415050

Solutions

def single_tax(pay):
    tax = 0
    if pay > 415050:
        tax += (pay - 415050) * .396
        pay = 415050
    if pay > 413350:
        tax += (pay - 413350) * .35
        pay = 413350
    if pay > 190150:
        tax += (pay - 190150) * .33
        pay = 190150
    if pay > 91150:
        tax += (pay - 91150) * .28
        pay = 91150
    if pay > 37650:
        tax += (pay - 37650) * .25
        pay = 37650
    if pay > 9275:
        tax += (pay - 9275) * .15
        pay = 9275
    return tax + pay * .1

def single_tax(pay):
    tax_policy = [
        [415050, .396], 
        [413350, .35],
        [190150, .33],
        [91150, .28],
        [37650, .25],
        [9275, .15]
    ]
    tax = 0
    for bracket in tax_policy:
        if pay > bracket[0]:
            tax += (pay - bracket[0]) * bracket[1]
            pay = bracket[0]
    return tax + pay * .1

Tedious to Type

PS C:\Users\calvin> python
Python 3.12.5 (tags/v3.12.5:ff3bc82, Aug  6 2024, 20:45:27) [MSC v.1940 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> def single_tax(pay):
...     tax_policy = [
...         [415050, .396],
...         [413350, .35],
...         [190150, .33],
...         [91150, .28],
...         [37650, .25],
...         [9275, .15]
...     ]
...     tax = 0
...     for bracket in tax_policy:
...         if pay > bracket[0]:
...             tax += (pay - bracket[0]) * bracket[1]
...             pay = bracket[0]
...     return tax + pay * .1
...
>>> single_tax(400000)
115529.25
>>>

Instead: .py files

Python has an associated file type, the .py file.
- Similar to .png (portable network graphic) for images
- Similar to .pdf (portable document format) for papers

Test-based

The .py file is much like a .txt file in that:
- It is a small, lightweight file containing only typed characters.
- It can be opened, edited, and viewed in many editors.
The .py file can save typed code to be used within python.

Enter Neovim

Neovim is a great way to edit text.

Give it a shot!

Students often object to switching from WYSIWYG editors but:

Many students know no other way to write text-based files, and
We’ve ample time this term to properly explore Neovim

Be patient, but also work hard!

Getting Neovim

Installation

We go to the offial webpage to get an installer for our computer:
- https://neovim.io/
Neovim offers a few more installation options than you may be used to.
I recommend…

Install from download

Downloads are available on the Releases page.

Latest stable release

Terminal

On MS Windows
- I press Windows key, type “terminal” then press enter.
On MacOS
- I open Launchpad, type “terminal” then press enter.

MacOS

Windows

Expression evaluation

Returning to the terminal, we can type at the “prompt”.
On MacOS, perhaps a line that begins with $ and a flashing cursor
On Window, perhaps PS C:\Users\calvin>
- PS stands for “powershell” - more latter.
- C:\Users\calvin is the name of a folder - more latter
- > is the prompt, with a flashing cursor.

Run Neovim

In the following examples, I remove line numbers to denote they are not Python code snippets.

On MacOS, type nvim

MacOS

$ nvim

On Windows, type nvim

Windows

PS C:\Users\calvin> nvim

On both, press the ↵ᴇɴᴛᴇʀ key.

See Neovim

You’ll see something like this:

                  NVIM v0.11.1

  Nvim is open source and freely distributable
           https://neovim.io/#chat

 type :help nvim<Enter>               if you are new!
 type :checkhealth<Enter>             to optimize Nvim
 type :q<Enter>                       to exit
 type :help<Enter>                    for help

type :help news<Enter> to see changes in v0.11

        Help poor children in Uganda!
 type :help iccf<Enter>               for information

Modes

Modality

nvim is a modal text editor
By default, typed characters will not appear in the document.
Rather, by default, we being in command mode.
We won’t worry about that too much, but the first command to learn is

i for insert

Insert Mode

By the way, you should see -- INSERT -- at the bottom of the terminal window.
Insert mode is not unlike WYSIWYG
Use it prolificly until you are more comfortable.
Navigate with arrow keys or (depending on system) mouse
For now, let’s copy paste in the piecewise function.

Piecewise

For me, basic copy/paste commands like:
- ctrl/cmd+c, ctrl/cmd+v
- rclick->menu->copy
Worked amicably in i insert mode

pw.py

def piecewise(x):
    if (x < 4):
        return 9 * x ** 2 + 5
    elif (4 <= x <= 8):
        return 9
    elif (x > 8):
        return 2 - x

For .py files I’ll include line numbers but add a filename on top.

Command Mode

Having written some text, we now need to save it to a file.
Press the “ESC” (Escape) key to return to command mode
Your cursor will move the bottom of the terminal, where -- INSERT -- was

Remember!

Remember to press escape!

In nvim examples today, it will not always be easy to make a note of when to press escape!
As a rule, use escape before anytime you try to do something (exit, save)
These “do things” usually are : prefixed
Press i to get back to typing (insert mode)

Issuing commands

After :w (write) and the name of the file
Include the .py ending!
I wrote:

:w pw.py

Save and Quit

You can always use :w to save while working.
Make any edits you make need to make - a missed paren perhaps.
Then both save and exit nvim with :x
- This special command saves the file and exits nvim
You will return to the command line you started with, likely without incident.
- But there will now be a new file you can use!

Scripting

Back in Terminal

On MacOS, you’ll see nvim and a new prompt

MacOS

$ nvim
$

On Windows, the same

Windows

PS C:\Users\calvin> nvim
PS C:\Users\calvin>

Aside: Terminal Commands

Like Python and Neovim, there are also terminal commands!
- Two are python/python3 and nvim!
Another is ls, which stands for “list”
- This command has been around so long, it is from an era when commands were shorter to save precious computer memory!
It “lists” local files, and can list them by name!

Aside: Using `ls`

Try out this command, to see that you have a pw.py file!

$ ls pw.py

What do you see (different on Windows and MacOS)?

Checkpoint

If you do not have a pw.py file, stop here until you have one!

Windows

PS C:\Users\calvin> ls pw.py


    Directory: C:\Users\cd-desk


Mode                 LastWriteTime         Length Name
----                 -------------         ------ ----
-a----         5/20/2025   3:21 PM            151 pw.py

MacOS

$ ls pw.py
pw.py
$

.py files

There are two common ways to use .py files
I believe the most common is via import
To begin, at the command line, start Python
On Windows, type python

Windows

PS C:\Users\calvin> python

On MacOS, type python3

MacOS

$ python3

On both, press the ↵ᴇɴᴛᴇʀ key.

See Python

You’ll see something like this:

Python 3.12.5 (tags/v3.12.5:ff3bc82, Aug  6 2024, 20:45:27) [MSC v.1940 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>

Take note of the prompt!
>>>
Those three are how you know it is Python, and not the Terminal, that you are working in.

Import

Versus last time, we now have a piecewise function written in a .py file we can reference.
To do so, we:
- Type import followed by a space
- Type the filename less the .py extension
- It should look like this:

PS C:\Users\calvin> python
Python 3.12.5 (tags/v3.12.5:ff3bc82, Aug  6 2024, 20:45:27) [MSC v.1940 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import pw
>>>

Modules

import pw will introduce a new variable to Python to which we can refer by name (pw)
It is of a new type for us, “module”

>>> type(pw)
<class 'module'>

Modules correspond to .py files!

>>> pw
<module 'pw' from 'C:\\Users\\calvin\\pw.py'>

(The from will look different on different computers)

Importing Functions

We can use functions inside modules in a few ways.
First, we can use the module name (pw) followed by a dot or period (.) followed by the name of the function.

>>> pw.piecewise(-1)
14

Renaming Functions

Second, we can just use single equals assignment

>>> piecewise = pw.piecewise
>>> piecewise(4)
9

Using `from`

Third, we can use the from keyword in our import.
- This is by far preferred (it is more clear)

>>> from pw import piecewise
>>> piecewise(11)
-9

I only show you the other methods to make it clear what this method is doing.

Exit Python

Oftentimes, we’ll run a bit of Python then want to go back to the command line to use nvim

exit()

You can exit the Python >>> prompt back to Windows > or MacOS $ at any time:

Use exit()
Use quit()
Use ctrl+z

Practice starting and leaving Python a few times!

Using Terminal

Command Line Utilities

I find the following tedious:

nvim
Write some code
:w somefile.py
ESC then :x
python
from somefile import somefunction
somefunction(x)
exit()

Alternative

We will instead:
- Show how to how run script files
- Show how to provide input to script files

Hello, Terminal

To begin, we will do terminal “Hello, World!”
I use nvim hi.py to create and open a new file named hi.py
Then I write:

hi.py

print("Hello, terminal!")

Running Scripts

I save and exit via :x
Then I run the Python script via python hi.py
For me, it looks like this:

$ nvim hi.py
$ python3 hi.py
Hello, terminal!
$

What happened?

Basically, Python runs the code written in the file as if it were entered at the prompts.
It then provides the expected print statements.
We can run multiple times without rewriting the script.

Piecewise Script

Say we wish to find the piecewise results from the prior lecture.
nvim pw.py
I use G to jump to the end of the file
- This is a “vim motion”
I use i to change into insert mode, and add:

pw.py

for e in [-1, 4, 5, 8, 11]:
    print([e, piecewise(e)])

Save and exit with (escape then) :x

Test it

$ nvim pw.py
$ python3 pw.py
[-1, 14]
[4, 9]
[5, 9]
[8, 9]
[11, -9]
$

Using input

Fortunately, Python has a built-in function that is (basically) the opposite of print
Within the terminal, run python
Then within Python, call input()

>>> input()

What happens?

What if?

We want to be able to check values without either
- Opening python and doing an import, or
- Opening nvim and editing the list
We can do that by providing input
- We write a script that expects us to type in some information!

Python input

Python helpfully has an input that is basically the opposite of print.
input
It is easiest to learn by trying it out!

Providing input

Open Python
Call the function input()
Type something - anything - then press enter.

>>> input()
something anything
'something anything'

The input() function returns the text that is typed in

Script input

Let’s make a little script to try out input()

reply.py

x = input()
print(x)

Think about the steps to create and run this file!

Example

$ nvim
$ python3 reply.py
I wrote this text then pressed enter.
I wrote this text then pressed enter.
$

Try it out!

Return v. Print

Print, Not Return

To see the results of some expression or computation other work in the terminal, we must print within scripts.
print() for terminal
return within Python

Datatypes

A Wrinkle

There’s one little problem here.
Let’s update pw.py to to run on input() and see what happens.

pw.py

def piecewise(x):
    if (x < 4):
        return 9 * x ** 2 + 5
    elif (4 <= x <= 8):
        return 9
    elif (x > 8):
        return 2 - x

x = input()
y = piecewise(x)
print(y)

Uh oh!

I see the following:

$ python3 pw.py
10
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/user/pw.py", line 10, in <module>
    y = piecewise(x)
  File "/home/user/pw.py", line 2, in piecewise
    if (x < 4):
TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'
$

Recall

We worked with different types last time:
- Think about what is happening here

[type(1), type(1 == 2), type([1,2]), type({1,2})]

[int, bool, list, set]

The type of input() is a new type - str
- Short for “string” - as in string of characters

type("Hello, world!")

str

Casting

Changing data of one type (like str) into another (like int) is called casting
In Python, to cast we use the name of the type we want as a function on the value in the type we don’t want.
Easy to try within python

Try it

>>> x = input()
10
>>> x
'10'
>>> type(x)
<class 'str'>
>>> y = int(x)
>>> y
10
>>> type(y)
<class 'int'>
>>> y < 11
True

Python shows something is a string by enclosing it within quote marks ''

Fix `pw.py`

pw.py

def piecewise(x):
    if (x < 4):
        return 9 * x ** 2 + 5
    elif (4 <= x <= 8):
        return 9
    elif (x > 8):
        return 2 - x

x = input()
y = int(x)
z = piecewise(y)
print(z)

Use it

$ nvim pw.py
$ python3 pw.py
10
-8
$ python3 pw.py
-1
14
$

Exercise

Income Tax

We’ll return to the income tax example, and
Add a wrinkle.
Here’s an income tax solution:

Code

def single_tax(pay):
    tax_policy = [
        [415050, .396], 
        [413350, .35],
        [190150, .33],
        [91150, .28],
        [37650, .25],
        [9275, .15]
    ]
    tax = 0
    for bracket in tax_policy:
        if pay > bracket[0]:
            tax += (pay - bracket[0]) * bracket[1]
            pay = bracket[0]
    return tax + pay * .1

Arguments

There is one other way to specify what you want a script to do.
Command line arguments
This is my favorite way (simpliest to use)
- (Bit harder to write)
It is based on the Python sys module

`sys`

Create and try out the following file:

args.py

import sys

print(sys.argv)

What does it do?

‘argv’

‘argv’ stands for “argument vector”
You may have noticed it is a list
- Other programming languages sometimes call lists vectors
- Computer systems often call lists vectors
- Python follows this convention

Add an arg

What happens if you do this?

$ python3 args.py hello world

Remember!

Lists begin with zero!

When using argv, recall it is a Python list!
The initial element - what we would often call first - is at position zero
Would would print only this element as follows:

args.py

import sys

print(sys.argv[0])

Exercise

Create a file tax.py
Have it accept an income as a command line argument
Have it print a tax cost at command line.
Here’s an example how it should work!

$ python3 tax.py 400000
115529.25

Challenge Problem

Accept two command line arguments
- Income, and
- One of ['single', 'married', 'separate', 'head']
Print the tax regardless of “single-ness”

Solution

Code

import sys

print(single_tax(int(sys.argv[1])))

--- title: Neovim --- # Why Neovim? ## On Neovim * Neovim is free, * Neovim is very widely available, * Neovim is highly customizable, * Neovim is stable, year-on-year, * and Neovim is quite powerful. [Watch more](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dR00OugPlLc&list=PLabWm-zCaD1axcMGvf7wFxJz8FZmyHSJ7&index=14) ## Why not Neovim? - **Modal** - it is not a "What you see is what you get" (WYSIWYG) editor like MS Word, Google Docs, Notepad, or VS Code - **Terminal-based** - it is used within the terminal and not often as a stand-alone program. - **Steep-learning curve** - students generally find it difficult to get started, though it is widely preferred by experienced users # Running Example ## Diving In - Taking Neovim as a given, we'll: - Continue the *piecewise functions* example - Touch on Python and the terminal in the context of Neovim - Introduce Neovim *modes*, *motions*, and *operators*. - Spoilers for the last exercise! ## Recall :::: {.columns} ::: {.column width="50%"} - Write function - `def single_tax(pay):` - *Return* tax cost. - Return not print! - Bonus: Also write `single_tax_rate` which returns the percent tax rate at some income level. ::: ::: {.column width="50%"} | Rate | From | |--------|--------:| | 10% | 0 | | 15% | 9275 | | 25% | 37650 | | 28% | 91150 | | 33% | 190150 | | 35% | 413350 | | 39.6% | 415050 | ::: :::: ## Solutions :::: {.columns} ::: {.column width="50%"} ```{python} def single_tax(pay): tax = 0 if pay > 415050: tax += (pay - 415050) * .396 pay = 415050 if pay > 413350: tax += (pay - 413350) * .35 pay = 413350 if pay > 190150: tax += (pay - 190150) * .33 pay = 190150 if pay > 91150: tax += (pay - 91150) * .28 pay = 91150 if pay > 37650: tax += (pay - 37650) * .25 pay = 37650 if pay > 9275: tax += (pay - 9275) * .15 pay = 9275 return tax + pay * .1 ``` ::: ::: {.column width="50%"} ```{python} def single_tax(pay): tax_policy = [ [415050, .396], [413350, .35], [190150, .33], [91150, .28], [37650, .25], [9275, .15] ] tax = 0 for bracket in tax_policy: if pay > bracket[0]: tax += (pay - bracket[0]) * bracket[1] pay = bracket[0] return tax + pay * .1 ``` ::: :::: ## Tedious to Type ```{.bash code-line-numbers="false"} PS C:\Users\calvin> python Python 3.12.5 (tags/v3.12.5:ff3bc82, Aug 6 2024, 20:45:27) [MSC v.1940 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> def single_tax(pay): ... tax_policy = [ ... [415050, .396], ... [413350, .35], ... [190150, .33], ... [91150, .28], ... [37650, .25], ... [9275, .15] ... ] ... tax = 0 ... for bracket in tax_policy: ... if pay > bracket[0]: ... tax += (pay - bracket[0]) * bracket[1] ... pay = bracket[0] ... return tax + pay * .1 ... >>> single_tax(400000) 115529.25 >>> ``` ## Instead: .py files - Python has an associated file type, the `.py` file. - Similar to `.png` (portable network graphic) for images - Similar to `.pdf` (portable document format) for papers ## Test-based - The `.py` file is much like a `.txt` file in that: - It is a small, lightweight file containing only typed characters. - It can be opened, edited, and viewed in many editors. - The `.py` file can save typed code to be used within `python`. ## Enter Neovim - Neovim is a *great* way to edit text. ::: {.callout-tip} ## Give it a shot! Students often object to switching from WYSIWYG editors but: - Many students know *no other way* to write text-based files, and - We've ample time this term to properly explore Neovim Be patient, but also work hard! ::: # Getting Neovim ## Installation - We go to the offial webpage to get an installer for our computer: - [https://neovim.io/](https://neovim.io/) - Neovim offers a few more installation options than you may be used to. - I recommend... ## Install from download Downloads are available on the [Releases](https://github.com/neovim/neovim/releases) page. * Latest [stable release](https://github.com/neovim/neovim/releases/latest) * [macOS x86_64](https://github.com/neovim/neovim/releases/latest/download/nvim-macos-x86_64.tar.gz) * [macOS arm64](https://github.com/neovim/neovim/releases/latest/download/nvim-macos-arm64.tar.gz) * [Linux x86_64](https://github.com/neovim/neovim/releases/latest/download/nvim-linux-x86_64.tar.gz) * [Linux arm64](https://github.com/neovim/neovim/releases/latest/download/nvim-linux-arm64.tar.gz) * [Windows](https://github.com/neovim/neovim/releases/latest/download/nvim-win64.msi) ## Terminal - On MS Windows - I press Windows key, type "terminal" then press enter. - On MacOS - I open Launchpad, type "terminal" then press enter. ## MacOS ![](img/zsh.png) ## Windows ![](img/ps.webp) ## Expression evaluation - Returning to the terminal, we can type at the "prompt". - On MacOS, perhaps a line that begins with `$` and a flashing cursor - On Window, perhaps `PS C:\Users\calvin>` - `PS` stands for "powershell" - more latter. - `C:\Users\calvin` is the name of a folder - more latter - `>` is the prompt, with a flashing cursor. ## Run Neovim *In the following examples, I remove line numbers to denote they are not Python code snippets.* - On MacOS, type `nvim` ```{.zsh filename="MacOS" code-line-numbers="false"} $ nvim ``` - On Windows, type `nvim` ```{.ps filename="Windows" code-line-numbers="false"} PS C:\Users\calvin> nvim ``` - On both, press the **↵ᴇɴᴛᴇʀ** key. ## See Neovim - You'll see something like this: ```{.bash code-line-numbers="false"} NVIM v0.11.1 Nvim is open source and freely distributable https://neovim.io/#chat type :help nvim<Enter> if you are new! type :checkhealth<Enter> to optimize Nvim type :q<Enter> to exit type :help<Enter> for help type :help news<Enter> to see changes in v0.11 Help poor children in Uganda! type :help iccf<Enter> for information ``` # Modes ## Modality - `nvim` is a *modal* text editor - By default, typed characters will not appear in the document. - Rather, by default, we being in *command* mode. - We won't worry about that too much, but the first command to learn is ```{.bash code-line-numbers="false"} i ``` - `i` for insert ## Insert Mode - By the way, you should see `-- INSERT --` at the bottom of the terminal window. - Insert mode is not unlike WYSIWYG - Use it prolificly until you are more comfortable. - Navigate with arrow keys or (depending on system) mouse - For now, let's copy paste in the `piecewise` function. ## Piecewise - For me, basic copy/paste commands like: - ctrl/cmd+c, ctrl/cmd+v - rclick->menu->copy - Worked amicably in `i` insert mode ```{.python filename="pw.py"} def piecewise(x): if (x < 4): return 9 * x ** 2 + 5 elif (4 <= x <= 8): return 9 elif (x > 8): return 2 - x ``` - For `.py` files I'll include line numbers but add a filename on top. ## Command Mode - Having written some text, we now need to save it to a file. - Press the "ESC" (Escape) key to return to command mode - Your cursor will move the bottom of the terminal, where `-- INSERT --` was ## Remember! ::: {.callout-note appearance="simple"} ## Remember to press escape! - In `nvim` examples today, it will not always be easy to make a note of when to press escape! - As a rule, use escape before anytime you try to do something (exit, save) - These "do things" usually are `:` prefixed - Press `i` to get back to typing (insert mode) ::: ## Issuing commands - After `:w` (write) and the name of the file - Include the `.py` ending! - I wrote: ```{.bash code-line-numbers="false"} :w pw.py ``` ## Save and Quit - You can always use `:w` to save while working. - Make any edits you make need to make - a missed paren perhaps. - Then both save *and* exit `nvim` with `:x` - This special command saves the file and exits `nvim` - You will return to the command line you started with, likely without incident. - But there will now be a new file you can use! # Scripting ## Back in Terminal - On MacOS, you'll see `nvim` and a new prompt ```{.zsh filename="MacOS" code-line-numbers="false"} $ nvim $ ``` - On Windows, the same ```{.ps filename="Windows" code-line-numbers="false"} PS C:\Users\calvin> nvim PS C:\Users\calvin> ``` ## Aside: Terminal Commands - Like Python and Neovim, there are also terminal commands! - Two are `python`/`python3` and `nvim`! - Another is `ls`, which stands for "list" - This command has been around so long, it is from an era when commands were shorter to save precious computer memory! - It "lists" local files, and can list them by name! ## Aside: Using `ls` - Try out this command, to see that you have a `pw.py` file! ```{.ps code-line-numbers="false"} $ ls pw.py ``` - What do you see (different on Windows and MacOS)? ## Checkpoint - If you do not have a `pw.py` file, stop here until you have one! ```{.ps filename="Windows" code-line-numbers="false"} PS C:\Users\calvin> ls pw.py Directory: C:\Users\cd-desk Mode LastWriteTime Length Name ---- ------------- ------ ---- -a---- 5/20/2025 3:21 PM 151 pw.py ``` ```{.zsh filename="MacOS" code-line-numbers="false"} $ ls pw.py pw.py $ ``` ## .py files - There are two common ways to use `.py` files - I believe the most common is via `import` - To begin, at the command line, start Python - On Windows, type `python` ```{.ps filename="Windows" code-line-numbers="false"} PS C:\Users\calvin> python ``` - On MacOS, type `python3` ```{.zsh filename="MacOS" code-line-numbers="false"} $ python3 ``` - On both, press the **↵ᴇɴᴛᴇʀ** key. ## See Python - You'll see something like this: ```{.email code-line-numbers="false"} Python 3.12.5 (tags/v3.12.5:ff3bc82, Aug 6 2024, 20:45:27) [MSC v.1940 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> ``` - Take note of the prompt! - `>>>` - Those three are how you know it is Python, and not the Terminal, that you are working in. ## Import - Versus last time, we now have a piecewise function written in a `.py` file we can reference. - To do so, we: - Type `import` followed by a space - Type the filename less the `.py` *extension* - It should look like this: ```{.email code-line-numbers="false"} PS C:\Users\calvin> python Python 3.12.5 (tags/v3.12.5:ff3bc82, Aug 6 2024, 20:45:27) [MSC v.1940 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> import pw >>> ``` ## Modules - `import pw` will introduce a new variable to Python to which we can refer by name (pw) - It is of a new type for us, "module" ```{.email code-line-numbers="false"} >>> type(pw) <class 'module'> ``` - Modules correspond to `.py` files! ```{.email code-line-numbers="false"} >>> pw <module 'pw' from 'C:\\Users\\calvin\\pw.py'> ``` - (The `from` will look different on different computers) ## Importing Functions - We can use functions inside modules in a few ways. - First, we can use the module name (`pw`) followed by a dot or period (`.`) followed by the name of the function. ```{.email code-line-numbers="false"} >>> pw.piecewise(-1) 14 ``` ## Renaming Functions - Second, we can just use single equals assignment ```{.email code-line-numbers="false"} >>> piecewise = pw.piecewise >>> piecewise(4) 9 ``` ## Using `from` - Third, we can use the `from` keyword in our import. - This is *by far* preferred (it is more clear) ```{.email code-line-numbers="false"} >>> from pw import piecewise >>> piecewise(11) -9 ``` - I only show you the other methods to make it clear what this method is doing. ## Exit Python - Oftentimes, we'll run a bit of Python then want to go back to the command line to use `nvim` ::: {.callout-tip} ## `exit()` You can exit the Python `>>>` prompt back to Windows `>` or MacOS `$` at any time: - Use `exit()` - Use `quit()` - Use ctrl+z Practice starting and leaving Python a few times! ::: # Using Terminal ## Command Line Utilities I find the following tedious: 1. `nvim` 2. Write some code 3. `:w somefile.py` 4. ESC then `:x` 5. `python` 6. `from somefile import somefunction` 7. `somefunction(x)` 8. `exit()` ## Alternative - We will instead: - Show how to how run script files - Show how to provide input to script files ## Hello, Terminal - To begin, we will do terminal "Hello, World!" - I use `nvim hi.py` to create *and* open a new file named `hi.py` - Then I write: ```{.py filename="hi.py"} print("Hello, terminal!") ``` ## Running Scripts - I save and exit via `:x` - Then I run the Python script via `python hi.py` - For me, it looks like this: ```{.email code-line-numbers="false"} $ nvim hi.py $ python3 hi.py Hello, terminal! $ ``` ## What happened? - Basically, Python runs the code written in the file as if it were entered at the prompts. - It then provides the expected print statements. - We can run multiple times without rewriting the script. ## Piecewise Script - Say we wish to find the piecewise results from the prior lecture. - `nvim pw.py` - I use `G` to jump to the end of the file - This is a "vim motion" - I use `i` to change into insert mode, and add: ```{.py filename="pw.py"} for e in [-1, 4, 5, 8, 11]: print([e, piecewise(e)]) ``` - Save and exit with (escape then) `:x` ## Test it ```{.email code-line-numbers="false"} $ nvim pw.py $ python3 pw.py [-1, 14] [4, 9] [5, 9] [8, 9] [11, -9] $ ``` ## Using input - Fortunately, Python has a built-in function that is (basically) the opposite of `print` - Within the terminal, run `python` - Then within Python, call `input()` ```{.email code-line-numbers="false"} >>> input() ``` - What happens? ## What if? - We want to be able to check values without either - Opening `python` and doing an `import`, or - Opening `nvim` and editing the list - We can do that by providing *input* - We write a script that expects us to type in some information! ## Python input - Python helpfully has an input that is basically the opposite of print. - `input` - It is easiest to learn by trying it out! ## Providing input - Open Python - Call the function `input()` - Type something - anything - then press enter. ```{.email code-line-numbers="false"} >>> input() something anything 'something anything' ``` - *The `input()` function **returns** the text that is typed in* ## Script input - Let's make a little script to try out `input()` ```{.py filename="reply.py"} x = input() print(x) ``` - Think about the steps to create and run this file! ## Example ```{.email code-line-numbers="false"} $ nvim $ python3 reply.py I wrote this text then pressed enter. I wrote this text then pressed enter. $ ``` - Try it out! ## Return v. Print ::: {.callout-note appearance="simple"} ## Print, Not Return - To see the results of some expression or computation other work in the terminal, we must `print` within scripts. - `print()` for terminal - `return` within Python ::: # Datatypes ## A Wrinkle - There's one little problem here. - Let's update `pw.py` to to run on `input()` and see what happens. ```{.py filename="pw.py"} def piecewise(x): if (x < 4): return 9 * x ** 2 + 5 elif (4 <= x <= 8): return 9 elif (x > 8): return 2 - x x = input() y = piecewise(x) print(y) ``` ## Uh oh! - I see the following: ```{.email code-line-numbers="false"} $ python3 pw.py 10 Traceback (most recent call last): File "/home/user/pw.py", line 10, in <module> y = piecewise(x) File "/home/user/pw.py", line 2, in piecewise if (x < 4): TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int' $ ``` ## Recall - We worked with different types last time: - *Think about what is happening here* ```{python} [type(1), type(1 == 2), type([1,2]), type({1,2})] ``` - The type of `input()` is a new type - `str` - Short for "string" - as in string of characters ```{python} type("Hello, world!") ``` ## Casting - Changing data of one type (like `str`) into another (like `int`) is called *casting* - In Python, to cast we use the name of the type we want as a function on the value in the type we *don't* want. - Easy to try within `python` ## Try it ```{.email code-line-numbers="false"} >>> x = input() 10 >>> x '10' >>> type(x) <class 'str'> >>> y = int(x) >>> y 10 >>> type(y) <class 'int'> >>> y < 11 True ``` - Python shows something is a string by enclosing it within quote marks `''` ## Fix `pw.py` ```{.py filename="pw.py"} def piecewise(x): if (x < 4): return 9 * x ** 2 + 5 elif (4 <= x <= 8): return 9 elif (x > 8): return 2 - x x = input() y = int(x) z = piecewise(y) print(z) ``` ## Use it ```{.email code-line-numbers="false"} $ nvim pw.py $ python3 pw.py 10 -8 $ python3 pw.py -1 14 $ ``` # Exercise ## Income Tax - We'll return to the income tax example, and - Add a wrinkle. - Here's an income tax solution: ```{python} #| code-fold: true def single_tax(pay): tax_policy = [ [415050, .396], [413350, .35], [190150, .33], [91150, .28], [37650, .25], [9275, .15] ] tax = 0 for bracket in tax_policy: if pay > bracket[0]: tax += (pay - bracket[0]) * bracket[1] pay = bracket[0] return tax + pay * .1 ``` ## Arguments - There is one other way to specify what you want a script to do. - *Command line arguments* - This is my favorite way (simpliest to use) - (Bit harder to write) - It is based on the Python `sys` module ## `sys` - Create and try out the following file: ```{.py filename="args.py"} import sys print(sys.argv) ``` - What does it do? ## 'argv' - 'argv' stands for "argument vector" - You may have noticed it is a list - Other programming languages sometimes call lists vectors - *Computer systems* often call lists vectors - Python follows this convention ## Add an arg - What happens if you do this? ```{.email code-line-numbers="false"} $ python3 args.py hello world ``` ## Remember! ::: {.callout-note appearance="simple"} ## Lists begin with zero! - When using `argv`, recall it is a Python list! - The initial element - what we would often call first - is at position *zero* - Would would print *only this element* as follows: ```{.py filename="args.py"} import sys print(sys.argv[0]) ``` ::: ## Exercise - Create a file `tax.py` - Have it accept an income as a *command line argument* - Have it print a tax cost at command line. - Here's an example how it should work! ```{.email code-line-numbers="false"} $ python3 tax.py 400000 115529.25 ``` ## Challenge Problem - Accept two command line arguments - Income, and - One of `['single', 'married', 'separate', 'head']` - Print the tax regardless of "single-ness" ## Solution <details> <summary>Code</summary> ```{.python} import sys print(single_tax(int(sys.argv[1]))) ``` </details>

Why Neovim?

On Neovim

Why not Neovim?

Running Example

Diving In

Recall

Solutions

Tedious to Type

Instead: .py files

Test-based

Enter Neovim

Getting Neovim

Installation

Install from download

Terminal

MacOS

Windows

Expression evaluation

Run Neovim

See Neovim

Modes

Modality

Insert Mode

Piecewise

Command Mode

Remember!

Issuing commands

Save and Quit

Scripting

Back in Terminal

Aside: Terminal Commands

Aside: Using ls

Checkpoint

.py files

See Python

Import

Modules

Importing Functions

Renaming Functions

Using from

Exit Python

Using Terminal

Command Line Utilities

Alternative

Hello, Terminal

Running Scripts

What happened?

Piecewise Script

Test it

Using input

What if?

Python input

Providing input

Script input

Example

Return v. Print

Datatypes

A Wrinkle

Uh oh!

Recall

Casting

Try it

Fix pw.py

Use it

Exercise

Income Tax

Arguments

sys

‘argv’

Add an arg

Remember!

Exercise

Challenge Problem

Solution

Aside: Using `ls`

Using `from`

Fix `pw.py`

`sys`